ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus among agriculture export, import exchange rate and economic growth in Pakistan. We used annual time series data for 1980-2017 and employ the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. The NARDL testing results affirms asymmetric co-integration among the variables. The study main results show: (i) Co-integration test for long run the positive shocks in export and import have positive significant while exchange rate has positive effect the economic growth. (ii) Co-integration test for short run the positive shocks in import has positive significant and while Export and exchange rate have negative significant effect on economic growth. The symmetrical results show: (i) Export has unidirectional granger causality (ii) Exchange rate has bidirectional granger causality (iii) Import has not ganger causality with economic growth. In addition, the results demonstrated that causality relationship can help out policy maker to design such policies which are useful to economic growth of Pakistan, which could further promote foreign trade to gain the maximum level of economic growth.
RESUMO: Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente sobre o nexo entre exportação agrícola, taxa de câmbio de importação e crescimento econômico no Paquistão. Utilizamos dados de séries temporais anuais para 1980-2017 e empregamos o modelo Não-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL). Os resultados dos testes NARDL afirmam a co-integração assimétrica entre as variáveis. Os principais resultados do estudo mostram: (i) no teste de co-integração de longo prazo, os choques positivos nas exportações e importações têm uma significância positiva, enquanto a taxa de câmbio afeta positivamente o crescimento econômico; (ii) Teste de co-integração para curto prazo, os choques positivos nas importações são positivos significativos e, enquanto a exportação e a taxa de câmbio têm um efeito negativo significativo no crescimento econômico. Os resultados simétricos mostram: (i) a exportação tem causalidade unidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (ii) a taxa de câmbio tem causalidade bidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (iii) a importação não tem causalidade sobre o crescimento econômico. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que a relação de causalidade pode ajudar o formulador de políticas a elaborar políticas úteis ao crescimento econômico do Paquistão, o que poderia promover ainda mais o comércio exterior para obter o nível máximo de crescimento econômico.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus among rice, maize and wheat production with agriculture gross domestic product (AGDP) of Pakistan. We use time series data from 1970 to 2017 and employ the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. Short run and long run shocks between the selected variables and result's is checked through the co-integration and nonlinear error correction model.Autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach for co-integration and to find the relationship between variables Granger causality test is applied.Our results confirm co-integration, positive shocks results show that rice, maize and wheat production have significantly influence on AGDP. The asymmetrically positive shocks of three crops have neutral effect on AGDP. While in symmetric results show the unidirectional effect between rice, maize production with AGDP and wheat production do not have ganger causality with AGDP. Finally, results depict that wheat, maize and rice production significantly contributes to agricultural GDP in the case of Pakistan.
RESUMO: Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente sobre o nexo entre a produção de arroz, milho e trigo com produto interno bruto agrícola (AGDP) do Paquistão. Utilizamos dados de séries temporais de 1970 a 2017 e empregamos o modelo NARDL (Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag). Choques de curto e longo prazo entre as variáveis selecionadas e os resultados são verificados por meio do modelo de co-integração e correção não linear de erros. É aplicada uma abordagem de teste de atraso retardado distribuído autorregressivo para co-integração e para encontrar a relação entre variáveis. Nossos resultados confirmam a co-integração; os resultados de choques positivos mostram que a produção de arroz, milho e trigo influencia significativamente na AGDP. Os choques assimétricos positivos de três culturas têm efeito neutro no AGDP. Enquanto nos resultados simétricos mostram o efeito unidirecional entre o arroz, a produção de milho com AGDP e a produção de trigo não têm causalidade de ganger com AGDP. Finalmente, os resultados mostram que a produção de trigo, milho e arroz contribui significativamente para o PIB agrícola no caso do Paquistão.
ABSTRACT
Maxillary canines are important aesthetically and functionally, but impacted canines are more difficult and time consuming to treat. Permanent maxillary canine impaction has been reported in about 1% to 5% of the population. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of impacted maxillary canine in patients visiting to Khyber college of dentistry, Peshawar. A total of 500 patients of 15 years and above were examined clinically. Those having maxillary canine impaction were advised Anterior Occlusal View and panoramic radiograph to determine the patterns of impaction by vertical parallaxing technique. Data were processed in SPSS version 16.0. The chi-squared test was used to reveal any differences in the distribution of impacted maxillary canines when stratified by gender and location [left or right]. A p-value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Out of 500 patients examined 20[4%] had maxillary canine impaction. The mean age was 19.05 +/- 3.15 years. Age was ranged from 15 to 25 years. Female to male ratio was1.85:1. Females had more impaction of maxillary canine than males[p=0.000]. Palatal were the most common in males while buccal were in females. Left side was commonly involved in impaction in both genders
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Maxilla , Cuspid , PrevalenceABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to know the effects of the seat belts on the severity and pattern of facial injuries in road traffic accidents. Sixty patients with road traffic accidents in four wheel vehicles were investigated for mild-moderate and severe facial injuries with and without seat belt usage during driving. This study was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. These patients with maxillofacial injuries and associated fractures were studied for age, gender distribution, severity of facial injuries and their association to restrained or unrestrained with seat. Among 60 patients only 12 were wearing seat belts when accidents occurred. Male were dominant and most RTA occurred in patient in 20s. The mean age of the patient in the present study was 21.9 years SD +/- 3.5. The age range was 6 - 50 years. The most commonly involved age group was the 3rd decade [32.25%] followed by 1[st] decade [25%] and 4[th] decade [18.25%]
ABSTRACT
This descriptive study was undertaken to determine age and gender distribution and causes of dentoalveolar fractures. One hundred patients with dentoalveolar fracture were examined at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar; Pakistan in six months. The age range in this study was 3-60 years with mean age 18.17 years; and Std Deviation13.08. The male to female ratio was 2.7: 1. Road traffic accident was the major cause of dentoalveolar fractures[39%] followed by fall[30%], sports accidents[15%], violence [5%], work accidents [4%], fire arm injuries[4%], and horse kick[2%]
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Tooth Fractures/etiology , Age Distribution , Sex DifferentiationABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cusp of carabelli in permanent teeth in a sample from the population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A special proforma was developed to collect the data. A total of 400 subjects [patients attending Khyber College of Dentistry hospital and students of Khyber College of Dentistry] were included in the study. Cusp of Carabelli was present in 29.7% of the study population in maxillary first permanent molar and was totally absent in maxillary second permanent molars. Prevalence in males [31.9%] was slightly greater than females [25.9%]. Similarly unilateralism was also greater in males than females. It was concluded that the prevalence of cusp of Carabelli is lowest in the population sample of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as compared to other similar Asian population's samples. However, unilateralism was at par with other Asian studies. In permanent teeth the Cusp of Carabelli occurs only on maxillary first molar